Living the Dream, Vivere il sogno
Showing posts with label History. Show all posts
Showing posts with label History. Show all posts
Sunday, May 9, 2010
Thursday, January 28, 2010
Stuffed in Homework!
For tomorrow I have to study history, complete
number 1 on page 29 and number 1 on page 31
for math, finish 5 pages of math that is in my
notebook, study page 32 in my big math book,
study page 43 and 44 in English, complete page
44 in my (also for English) and then write it in my
notebook.
It's making me go crazy!
Last week I had tests out the ying-yang! I had
one test for math (don't know if I passed it). My
teacher didn't tell me. I got an A in my cooking
class. One day there was a flyer in the hall way
near the girls bathroom and I looked at it and
it was for a cooking class. So I signed my name
and then later that day I went to class and there
was cooking stuff out!!!! Only me, Erica, Meng
Meng, and Luna were in that class. (from our
class) (5A)
Anyway...and this week I had a geography test
and I got 35 out of 50. But today I found out my
geography teacher gave us a 7th grade test! Not
5th grade. So today I had the 5th grade test and
I got 45 out of 55...I got an A! Then tomorrow
I have to take a geometry test and a history test.
I'M READY!
Well, I have to be ready I've been studying all week!
Saturday, January 23, 2010
Castles in Oliveri and Brolo
Me and my mom are excited to go see it. But my dad doesn't want to go see it (he's afraid of small driveways). It is a very big castle but it is also a very old castle. Who knows how old it could be!?!?
My goodness! I would only pay them €5...because that's all I have!
When we were in Brolo I went to the beach and I saw a volcanic rock. (probably from a volcano).
And I just thought how cool! Ya know?!?!
PEACE OUT SUCKER...I LIVE IN ITALY!
Thursday, January 21, 2010
How old is the Earth?
Usually people don't think of the earth having an age. But really the earth is 3.8 to 4.5 billion years old. Wow! I wish I could live to be that old!
But how is it possibile to find this stuff out? The oldest rocks which have been found so far (on the Earth) date to about 3.8 to 3.9 billion years ago (by several radiometric dating methods). Some of these rocks are sedimentary, and include minerals which are themselves as old as 4.1 to 4.2 billion years. Rocks of this age are relatively rare, however rocks that are at least 3.5 billion years in age have been found on North America, Greenland, Australia, Africa, and Asia.
The difference in how old the Earth could be is enormous, but unless there is clear evidence, who can really say how old the Earth is.
Here if you want to learn more...check this out:http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/faq-age-of-earth.html
But how is it possibile to find this stuff out? The oldest rocks which have been found so far (on the Earth) date to about 3.8 to 3.9 billion years ago (by several radiometric dating methods). Some of these rocks are sedimentary, and include minerals which are themselves as old as 4.1 to 4.2 billion years. Rocks of this age are relatively rare, however rocks that are at least 3.5 billion years in age have been found on North America, Greenland, Australia, Africa, and Asia.
The difference in how old the Earth could be is enormous, but unless there is clear evidence, who can really say how old the Earth is.
Here if you want to learn more...check this out:http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/faq-age-of-earth.html
Friday, January 15, 2010
"Black Madonna"
Some of you people who read "Litlequeen Rules". Saw that she posted this: http://litlequeenrules.blogspot.com/ (the first post)
She said here that the big church up on the mountain (here in Sicily). "Tindari" Is called ,the Church of the Black Madonna!
I don't know what that is or who it is, but all I know is this. (Copied from Wikipedia)
A Black Madonna or Black Virgin is a statue or painting of Mary in which she is depicted with dark or black skin, especially those created in Europe in the medieval period or earlier. In this specialized sense "Black Madonna" does not apply to images of the Virgin Mary portrayed as explicitly black African, which are popular in Africa and areas with large black populations, such as the United States.
That's strange, here it says that the "Black Madonna" is suppose to be Mary?!?!
The Black Madonnas are generally found in Catholic areas. The statues are mostly wooden but occasionally stone, often painted and up to 75 cm tall, generally dating from between the 11th and 15th centuries. They fall into two main groups: free-standing upright figures and seated figures on a throne. The pictures are usually icons which are Byzantine in style, often made in 13th or 14th century Italy. Their faces tend to have recognizably European features. There are about 450-500 Black Madonnas in Europe, depending on how they are classified. There are at least 180 Vierges Noires in France, and there are hundreds of non-medieval copies as well. Some are in museums, but most are in churches or shrines and are venerated by devotees. A few are associated with miracles and attract substantial numbers of pilgrims.
Okay, so here we found out that the "Black Madonna" is a Catholic. Thank Goodness! Because she seems kind of scary. If you look at the pictures of her here on this link you can see why I said that: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Madonna
To learn more check this website out! http://www.interfaithmarianpilgrimages.com/pages/blackmadonna.html
Well,I hope you all in joyed that! Bye!
She said here that the big church up on the mountain (here in Sicily). "Tindari" Is called ,the Church of the Black Madonna!
I don't know what that is or who it is, but all I know is this. (Copied from Wikipedia)
A Black Madonna or Black Virgin is a statue or painting of Mary in which she is depicted with dark or black skin, especially those created in Europe in the medieval period or earlier. In this specialized sense "Black Madonna" does not apply to images of the Virgin Mary portrayed as explicitly black African, which are popular in Africa and areas with large black populations, such as the United States.
That's strange, here it says that the "Black Madonna" is suppose to be Mary?!?!
The Black Madonnas are generally found in Catholic areas. The statues are mostly wooden but occasionally stone, often painted and up to 75 cm tall, generally dating from between the 11th and 15th centuries. They fall into two main groups: free-standing upright figures and seated figures on a throne. The pictures are usually icons which are Byzantine in style, often made in 13th or 14th century Italy. Their faces tend to have recognizably European features. There are about 450-500 Black Madonnas in Europe, depending on how they are classified. There are at least 180 Vierges Noires in France, and there are hundreds of non-medieval copies as well. Some are in museums, but most are in churches or shrines and are venerated by devotees. A few are associated with miracles and attract substantial numbers of pilgrims.
Okay, so here we found out that the "Black Madonna" is a Catholic. Thank Goodness! Because she seems kind of scary. If you look at the pictures of her here on this link you can see why I said that: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Madonna
To learn more check this website out! http://www.interfaithmarianpilgrimages.com/pages/blackmadonna.html
Well,I hope you all in joyed that! Bye!
Wednesday, January 6, 2010
La Befana
Today, here in Sicily is "Befana day". Today I went to get a present from the Befana and when I got there it was crazy! Tons of kids running around, singing and dancing. OMG!!! Just now I got a game and some candy. I can't wait to play the game!
La Befana is an old woman who delivers gifts to children throughout Italy.
The character may have originated in central Italy, then spread as a tradition to the rest of Italy.
Many of you may think that La Befana is Santa Claus. But she's not...here they have both,Santa Claus and La Befana. First, comes Santa Claus then La Befana!!!!
If you don't understand here is a bioagraphy about La Befana:http://www.factmonster.com/dictionary/brewers/befana.html
Thursday, December 17, 2009
Sicily
Did you know that Sicily (Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea and an autonomous region of Italy? Minor islands around it are also considered to be part of Sicily.
Throughout much of its history, Sicily has been considered a crucial strategic location due in large part to its importance for Mediterranean trade routes. The area was highly regarded as part of Magna Graecia, with Cicero describing Siracusa as the greatest and most beautiful city of all Ancient Greece.
The island was once a city-state in its own right, and as the Kingdom of Sicily ruled from Palermo over southern Italy, Sicily, and Malta. It later became a part of the Two Sicilies under the Bourbons, a kingdom governed from Naples that comprised both the island itself and most of Southern Italy. The Italian unification of 1860 led to the dissolution of this kingdom, and Sicily became an autonomous part of the Kingdom of Italy. Sicily is today an autonomous region of Italy. Of all the regions of Italy, Sicily covers the largest land area at 25,708 square kilometres (9,926 sq mi) and currently has just over five million inhabitants.
Sicily has its own unique culture, especially with regard to the arts, cuisine, architecture and language. The Sicilian economy is largely based on agriculture (mainly orange and lemon orchards); this same rural countryside has attracted significant tourism in the modern age as its natural beauty is highly regarded. Sicily also holds importance for archeological and ancient sites such as the Necropolis of Pantalica and the Valley of the Temples.
The Sicilian economy is plagued by organized crime, the Cosa Nostra being the oldest of Italian mobs. The overall income of criminal associations in Italy (including 'Ndrangheta and Camorra) was estimated to be 63 billion Euros annually, or 7 percent of the Italian economy.
The Climate in Sicily,
Sicily's location means that it has a Mediterranean climate with mild to warm, wet winters and warm to hot, dry summers.
Weather data for Sicily
Month Jan,Feb,Mar,Apr,May,Jun,Jul,Aug,Sep,Oct,Nov,Dec,Year
Average high °C (°F) 15
(59) 15
(59) 16
(61) 18
(64) 22
(72) 35
(95) 35
(95) 38
(100) 29
(84) 23
(73) 19
(66) 16
(61) 20
(68)
Average low °C (°F) 10
(50) 10
(50) 11
(52) 13
(55) 16
(61) 20
(68) 23
(73) 24
(75) 22
(72) 18
(64) 14
(57) 11
(52) 16
(61)
Precipitation mm (inches) 72
(2.83) 65
(2.56) 60
(2.36) 44
(1.73) 26
(1.02) 12
(0.47) 5
(0.2) 13
(0.51) 42
(1.65) 98
(3.86) 94
(3.7) 80
(3.15) 611
(24.06)
The History of Sicily,
Ancient tribes
The original inhabitants of Sicily were three defined groups of the Ancient peoples of Italy. The most prominent and by far the earliest of which was the Sicani, who according to Thucydides arrived from the Iberian Peninsula (perhaps Catalonia). Important historical evidence has been discovered in the form of cave drawings by the Sicani, dated from the end of the Pleistocene Epoch, around 8000 BC. The arrival of the first humans is correlated with extinction of dwarf hippos and dwarf elephants. The Elymians, thought to be from the Aegean Sea, were the next tribe to migrate to join the Sicanians on Sicily.
Although there is no evidence of any wars between the tribes, when the Elymians settled in the north-west corner of the island, the Sicanians moved across eastwards. From mainland Italy, thought to originally have been Ligures from Liguria came the Sicels in 1200 BC; forcing the Sicanians to move back across Sicily settling in the middle of the island. The Phoenicians also were early settlers before the Greeks.
The Kingdom of Sicily,
Palermo continued on as the capital under the Normans. Roger's son, Roger II of Sicily, was ultimately able to raise the status of the island to a kingdom in 1130, along with his other holdings which included the Duchy of Apulia and Calabria and the Maltese Islands. During this period the Kingdom of Sicily was prosperous and politically powerful, becoming one of the wealthiest states in all of Europe; even wealthier than England.
Significantly, immigrants from Northern Italy and Campania arrived during this period. Linguistically, the island became Latinised. In terms of church, it would become completely Roman Catholic; previously, under the Byzantines, it had been more Eastern Christian.
Depiction of the Sicilian VespersAfter a century the Norman Hauteville dynasty died out, the last direct descendent and heir of Roger; Constance married Emperor Henry VI. This eventually led to the crown of Sicily been passed on to the Hohenstaufen Dynasty who were Germans from Swabia. Conflict between the Hohenstaufen house and the Papacy, led in 1266 to Pope Innocent IV crowning Angevin Dynasty duke Charles I as the king of both Sicily and Naples.
Strong opposition of the French officialdom due to mistreatment and taxation saw the local peoples of Sicily rise up, leading in 1282 to an insurrection known as the War of the Sicilian Vespers, which eventually saw almost the entire French population on the island killed. During the war the Sicilians turned to Peter III, son-in-law of the last Hohenstaufen king, of the Kingdom of Aragon for support after being rejected by the Pope. Peter gained control of Sicily from the French though the French retained control of the Kingdom of Naples. The wars continued until the peace of Caltabellotta in 1302, which saw Peter's son Frederick III recognised as king of the Isle of Sicily, while Charles II was recognised as the king of Naples by Pope Boniface VIII. Sicily was ruled as an independent kingdom by relatives of the kings of Aragon until 1409 and then as part of the Crown of Aragon. In October of 1347, in Messina, Sicily, the Black Death first arrived in Europe.
Sicilian Baroque in CataniaThe Spanish Inquisition in 1492 saw Ferdinand II decreeing the expulsion of every single Jew from Sicily. The island was hit by two very serious earthquakes in the east in both 1542 and 1693, just a few years before the latter earthquake the island was struck by a ferocious plague. There were revolts during the 17th century, but these were quelled with significant force especially the revolts of Palermo and Messina. The Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 saw Sicily assigned to the House of Savoy, however this period of rule lasted only seven years as it was exchanged for the island of Sardinia with Emperor Charles VI of the Austrian Habsburg Dynasty.
While the Austrians were concerned with the War of the Polish Succession, a Bourbon prince, Charles from Spain was able to conquer Sicily and Naples. At first Sicily was able to remain as an independent kingdom under personal union, while the Bourbons ruled over both from Naples. However the advent of Napoleon's First French Empire saw Naples taken at the Battle of Campo Tenese and Bonapartist Kings of Naples were instated. Ferdinand III the Bourbon was forced to retreat to Sicily which he was still in complete control of with the help of British naval protection.
Following this Sicily joined the Napoleonic Wars, after the wars were won Sicily and Naples formally merged as the Two Sicilies under the Bourbons. Major revolutionary movements occurred in 1820 and 1848 against the Bourbon government with Sicily seeking independence; the second of which, the 1848 revolution was successful and resulted in a period of independence for Sicily.
Italian unification
Salvatore Giuliano (1922–1950), a Sicilian bandit and separatist mythologized after his death as a kind of Robin HoodAfter the Expedition of the Thousand led by Giuseppe Garibaldi, Sicily became part of the Kingdom of Italy in 1860 as part of the risorgimento. The conquest started at Marsala and was finally completed with the Siege of Gaeta where the final Bourbons were expelled and Garibaldi announced his dictatorship in the name of Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia. An anti-Savoy revolt pushing for Sicilian independence erupted in 1866 at Palermo; it was quelled brutally by the Italians within a week.
Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa wrote in his book Il Gattopardo that the Sicilians viewed the unification of Italy as a conquest of the south by the north. The Sicilian (and the wider mezzogiorno) economy collapsed, leading to an unprecedented wave of emigration. Organizations of workers and peasants known as the Fasci Siciliani, who were leftist and separatist groups, rose and caused the Italian government to impose martial law again in 1894. The Messina earthquake of December 28, 1908 killed over 80,000 people.
The Mafia, a loose confederation of organized crime networks, grew in influence in the late 19th century; the Fascist regime began suppressing them in the 1920s with considerable success. There was an allied invasion of Sicily during World War II starting on July 10, 1943. In preparation of the invasion of Sicily, the Allies revitalised the Mafia to aid them. The invasion of Sicily was one of the causes of the July 25 crisis; in general the Allied victors were warmly embraced by the Sicilian population.
Italy became a Republic in 1946 and as part of the Constitution of Italy, Sicily was one of the five regions given special status as an autonomous region. Both the partial Italian land reform and special funding from the Italian government's Cassa per il Mezzogiorno (Fund for the South) from 1950 to 1984, helped the Sicilian economy improve. (Info from Wikipedia)
Well I hope you in joy all of that,
Got to go,
Throughout much of its history, Sicily has been considered a crucial strategic location due in large part to its importance for Mediterranean trade routes. The area was highly regarded as part of Magna Graecia, with Cicero describing Siracusa as the greatest and most beautiful city of all Ancient Greece.
The island was once a city-state in its own right, and as the Kingdom of Sicily ruled from Palermo over southern Italy, Sicily, and Malta. It later became a part of the Two Sicilies under the Bourbons, a kingdom governed from Naples that comprised both the island itself and most of Southern Italy. The Italian unification of 1860 led to the dissolution of this kingdom, and Sicily became an autonomous part of the Kingdom of Italy. Sicily is today an autonomous region of Italy. Of all the regions of Italy, Sicily covers the largest land area at 25,708 square kilometres (9,926 sq mi) and currently has just over five million inhabitants.
Sicily has its own unique culture, especially with regard to the arts, cuisine, architecture and language. The Sicilian economy is largely based on agriculture (mainly orange and lemon orchards); this same rural countryside has attracted significant tourism in the modern age as its natural beauty is highly regarded. Sicily also holds importance for archeological and ancient sites such as the Necropolis of Pantalica and the Valley of the Temples.
The Sicilian economy is plagued by organized crime, the Cosa Nostra being the oldest of Italian mobs. The overall income of criminal associations in Italy (including 'Ndrangheta and Camorra) was estimated to be 63 billion Euros annually, or 7 percent of the Italian economy.
The Climate in Sicily,
Sicily's location means that it has a Mediterranean climate with mild to warm, wet winters and warm to hot, dry summers.
Weather data for Sicily
Month Jan,Feb,Mar,Apr,May,Jun,Jul,Aug,Sep,Oct,Nov,Dec,Year
Average high °C (°F) 15
(59) 15
(59) 16
(61) 18
(64) 22
(72) 35
(95) 35
(95) 38
(100) 29
(84) 23
(73) 19
(66) 16
(61) 20
(68)
Average low °C (°F) 10
(50) 10
(50) 11
(52) 13
(55) 16
(61) 20
(68) 23
(73) 24
(75) 22
(72) 18
(64) 14
(57) 11
(52) 16
(61)
Precipitation mm (inches) 72
(2.83) 65
(2.56) 60
(2.36) 44
(1.73) 26
(1.02) 12
(0.47) 5
(0.2) 13
(0.51) 42
(1.65) 98
(3.86) 94
(3.7) 80
(3.15) 611
(24.06)
The History of Sicily,
Ancient tribes
The original inhabitants of Sicily were three defined groups of the Ancient peoples of Italy. The most prominent and by far the earliest of which was the Sicani, who according to Thucydides arrived from the Iberian Peninsula (perhaps Catalonia). Important historical evidence has been discovered in the form of cave drawings by the Sicani, dated from the end of the Pleistocene Epoch, around 8000 BC. The arrival of the first humans is correlated with extinction of dwarf hippos and dwarf elephants. The Elymians, thought to be from the Aegean Sea, were the next tribe to migrate to join the Sicanians on Sicily.
Although there is no evidence of any wars between the tribes, when the Elymians settled in the north-west corner of the island, the Sicanians moved across eastwards. From mainland Italy, thought to originally have been Ligures from Liguria came the Sicels in 1200 BC; forcing the Sicanians to move back across Sicily settling in the middle of the island. The Phoenicians also were early settlers before the Greeks.
The Kingdom of Sicily,
Palermo continued on as the capital under the Normans. Roger's son, Roger II of Sicily, was ultimately able to raise the status of the island to a kingdom in 1130, along with his other holdings which included the Duchy of Apulia and Calabria and the Maltese Islands. During this period the Kingdom of Sicily was prosperous and politically powerful, becoming one of the wealthiest states in all of Europe; even wealthier than England.
Significantly, immigrants from Northern Italy and Campania arrived during this period. Linguistically, the island became Latinised. In terms of church, it would become completely Roman Catholic; previously, under the Byzantines, it had been more Eastern Christian.
Depiction of the Sicilian VespersAfter a century the Norman Hauteville dynasty died out, the last direct descendent and heir of Roger; Constance married Emperor Henry VI. This eventually led to the crown of Sicily been passed on to the Hohenstaufen Dynasty who were Germans from Swabia. Conflict between the Hohenstaufen house and the Papacy, led in 1266 to Pope Innocent IV crowning Angevin Dynasty duke Charles I as the king of both Sicily and Naples.
Strong opposition of the French officialdom due to mistreatment and taxation saw the local peoples of Sicily rise up, leading in 1282 to an insurrection known as the War of the Sicilian Vespers, which eventually saw almost the entire French population on the island killed. During the war the Sicilians turned to Peter III, son-in-law of the last Hohenstaufen king, of the Kingdom of Aragon for support after being rejected by the Pope. Peter gained control of Sicily from the French though the French retained control of the Kingdom of Naples. The wars continued until the peace of Caltabellotta in 1302, which saw Peter's son Frederick III recognised as king of the Isle of Sicily, while Charles II was recognised as the king of Naples by Pope Boniface VIII. Sicily was ruled as an independent kingdom by relatives of the kings of Aragon until 1409 and then as part of the Crown of Aragon. In October of 1347, in Messina, Sicily, the Black Death first arrived in Europe.
Sicilian Baroque in CataniaThe Spanish Inquisition in 1492 saw Ferdinand II decreeing the expulsion of every single Jew from Sicily. The island was hit by two very serious earthquakes in the east in both 1542 and 1693, just a few years before the latter earthquake the island was struck by a ferocious plague. There were revolts during the 17th century, but these were quelled with significant force especially the revolts of Palermo and Messina. The Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 saw Sicily assigned to the House of Savoy, however this period of rule lasted only seven years as it was exchanged for the island of Sardinia with Emperor Charles VI of the Austrian Habsburg Dynasty.
While the Austrians were concerned with the War of the Polish Succession, a Bourbon prince, Charles from Spain was able to conquer Sicily and Naples. At first Sicily was able to remain as an independent kingdom under personal union, while the Bourbons ruled over both from Naples. However the advent of Napoleon's First French Empire saw Naples taken at the Battle of Campo Tenese and Bonapartist Kings of Naples were instated. Ferdinand III the Bourbon was forced to retreat to Sicily which he was still in complete control of with the help of British naval protection.
Following this Sicily joined the Napoleonic Wars, after the wars were won Sicily and Naples formally merged as the Two Sicilies under the Bourbons. Major revolutionary movements occurred in 1820 and 1848 against the Bourbon government with Sicily seeking independence; the second of which, the 1848 revolution was successful and resulted in a period of independence for Sicily.
Italian unification
Salvatore Giuliano (1922–1950), a Sicilian bandit and separatist mythologized after his death as a kind of Robin HoodAfter the Expedition of the Thousand led by Giuseppe Garibaldi, Sicily became part of the Kingdom of Italy in 1860 as part of the risorgimento. The conquest started at Marsala and was finally completed with the Siege of Gaeta where the final Bourbons were expelled and Garibaldi announced his dictatorship in the name of Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia. An anti-Savoy revolt pushing for Sicilian independence erupted in 1866 at Palermo; it was quelled brutally by the Italians within a week.
Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa wrote in his book Il Gattopardo that the Sicilians viewed the unification of Italy as a conquest of the south by the north. The Sicilian (and the wider mezzogiorno) economy collapsed, leading to an unprecedented wave of emigration. Organizations of workers and peasants known as the Fasci Siciliani, who were leftist and separatist groups, rose and caused the Italian government to impose martial law again in 1894. The Messina earthquake of December 28, 1908 killed over 80,000 people.
The Mafia, a loose confederation of organized crime networks, grew in influence in the late 19th century; the Fascist regime began suppressing them in the 1920s with considerable success. There was an allied invasion of Sicily during World War II starting on July 10, 1943. In preparation of the invasion of Sicily, the Allies revitalised the Mafia to aid them. The invasion of Sicily was one of the causes of the July 25 crisis; in general the Allied victors were warmly embraced by the Sicilian population.
Italy became a Republic in 1946 and as part of the Constitution of Italy, Sicily was one of the five regions given special status as an autonomous region. Both the partial Italian land reform and special funding from the Italian government's Cassa per il Mezzogiorno (Fund for the South) from 1950 to 1984, helped the Sicilian economy improve. (Info from Wikipedia)
Well I hope you in joy all of that,
Got to go,
Tuesday, March 24, 2009
Thanks to Columbus!
Thanks to Columbus! I know today isn't Columbus day but I just wanted to talk about him!
Columbus found North America! But what he really found was the Dominican Republic!
The Dominican Republic is a nation on the of Hispaniola. Hispaniola is the second- largest and most populous island of the Antilles. The Antilles refers to the island forming the greater part of the west Indies in the Caribbean Sea. The Antilles divided into two major groups the: " Greater Antilles" to the north including the larger islands of Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, ( Haiti and the Dominican Republic ) and Puerto Rico.
BYE BYE BYE BYE BYE BYE
Columbus found North America! But what he really found was the Dominican Republic!
The Dominican Republic is a nation on the of Hispaniola. Hispaniola is the second- largest and most populous island of the Antilles. The Antilles refers to the island forming the greater part of the west Indies in the Caribbean Sea. The Antilles divided into two major groups the: " Greater Antilles" to the north including the larger islands of Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, ( Haiti and the Dominican Republic ) and Puerto Rico.
BYE BYE BYE BYE BYE BYE
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